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| 1402 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries | |
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| 1453 |
| | | Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city | |
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| 1453 |
| | | The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1514 |
| | | The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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